What primarily causes the health risk associated with radon exposure?

The health risk associated with radon exposure primarily stems from the alpha particles and short-lived decay products. When radon gas is inhaled, it decays into radioactive particles that can attach to cells in the lungs. As these particles decay further, they emit alpha radiation, which can damage the DNA in lung cells. This damage is a significant factor in the development of lung cancer over time, making the association between radon exposure and health risks particularly concerning.

The alpha particles are indeed the primary concern due to their high energy and potential to cause biological harm. In addition, when looking at other forms of radiation mentioned in the options, while gamma rays can also be a concern, they are less directly involved in the health risks from radon compared to the effects of alpha particles and their decay products. Ultraviolet radiation is not relevant in this context, as it is not produced by radon and does not contribute to the specific health risks related to radon exposure.